DEMOGRAPHIC GLOSSARY

Age
Age class in years.
Px
Age-specific survival.

Probability that an animal of a given age will survive to the next age class.
Lx
Age-specific survivorship.

Probability of a newborn surviving to a given age class.
Mx
Age-specific fertility.

Average number of offspring (of the same sex as the parent) produced by an animal in the given age class. Can also be interpreted as average percentage of animals that will reproduce.
r
Instantaneous rate of change.

If r < 0 ...... Population is declining
r = 0 ...... Population is stationary
r > 0 ...... Population is increasing
lambda
Percent of population change per year.

If lambda < 1 ...... Population is declining
lambda = 1 ...... Population is stationary
lambda > 1 ...... Population is increasing
R0
Net reproductive rate, the rate of change per generation.

If R < 1 ...... Population is declining
R = 1 ...... Population is stationary
R, > 1 ...... Population is increasing
T
Generation Time

Average length of time between the birth of a parent and the birth of its offspring. Equivalently, the average age at which an animal produces its offspring.
Ne
Effective Population Size

the size of an idealized population that would have the same amount of inbreeding or of random gene frequency drift as the population under consideration. In an idealized population all individuals breed successfully, so only breeding individuals are included in calculating Ne.

Glossary 47

GENETICS GLOSSARY

GENOME
The complete set of genes (alleles) carried by an individual.
RETENTION
Fraction of founder’s original set of genes (genome) still present in the population.
EXISTING REPRESENTATION
The existing percentage representation of founders in the population.
TARGET REPRESENTATION
The desired or target percentage representation of founders. These target figures are proportional to the fraction of each founder genome that survived. Achieving these target representation values will maximize preservation of genetic diversity.
DIFFERENCE
(Existing Representation) - (Target Representation)

A minus sign ( - ) designates a founder that is over-represented.
POTENTIAL FOUNDER
An animal from a source population (e.g., the wild) that establish a derived population (e.g., a captive or new wild population).
FOUNDER
An animal from a source (e.g., wild) population that actually produce offspring and have descendants in the living derived (e.g., captive) population.

The minus sign ( - ) designates the unknown mate of the founder with that number.
MEAN RETENTION
Average fraction of each founder genome surviving in the population.
MEAN HETEROZYGOSITY
Average fraction of original heterozygosity remaining in the population.
BOTTLENECK
A generation in the lineage from a founder when only one or a few offspring are produced so that not all of the founder’s alleles are transmitted onto the next generation.
FOUNDER GENOME SURVIVING
The sum of the allelic retention; i.e., the number of founder genomes still in the population. This metric measures loss of original diversity due to bottlenecks in the pedigree of the population.
FOUNDER GENOME EQUIVALENTS
The number of newly wild caught animals required to obtain the genetic diversity in the present captive population. This metric reflects loss due to both bottlenecks and disparities in founder representation.

Glossary 48

Trouble

In the event of program trouble, please DON’T PANIC but check this list of possible errors and what you can do about them. Also, a distinct possibility is that the problem was transient (i.e. not reproducible). It may just go away if you leave SPARKS, re-boot, and try it again.

Record out of Range (ERROR 30)-
No Such Record in Index (ERROR 32)-
These messages almost always are due to a damaged or corrupted index file. Execute the SPARKS "Pack, Sort, Re-Index" routine to clean up the files and build new indexes. If these errors occur while trying to convert an Omaha or Houston format file to SPARKS using the LoadEdit program your starting data file is probably damaged. In this case you’ll have to look at the file using dBASE and remove any garbaged records.
Not enough Memory (ERROR 43)-
Your computer is short of free memory (RAM). Although you may have lots of memory, some of it is always tied up with the operating system, device drivers, and RAM resident software (like SideKick). Type MAPMEM from the SPARKS sub-directory to get a listing of your memory allocations. You may need to free some RAM by eliminating things. You might also try to enable the memory swapping in SPARKS by setting in on from the System Configuration menu.
Error Creating File (ERROR 22)-
Error Opening File (ERROR 23)-
An error occurred during an attempt to create of write a file. The most likely causes are failure to incorporate the proper CONFIG.SYS during system boot. Remember that CONFIG.SYS must be present on the machine’s main directory during boot, or it will have no effect. It should have the line FILES=25 or greater.
"Lock up" of Computer
Occasionally all computers "lock up" for no apparent reason. Some say it’s cosmic rays. You have no choice but to re-boot or power off and on again. Although this in itself may damage an file index and you may have to "Pack, Sort, Re-Index" your SPARKS files if you get other errors (see above).
Graphs plot funny on Epson Printers
Your Epson printer is set to emulate an IBM printer. Tell SPARKS that you really have an IBM printer or switch your Epson to emulate an Epson.

If you still are having trouble or wish to make a suggestion, fill out the Program Trouble Report (PTR) form on the next page and send it to ISIS with any supporting materials.

PTR 49

INDEX

Age Pyramid 14, 21
Analysis 14
ARKS 5
Backup- 1, 2, 33, 34, 37, 39
Batch Data Editing 37
Birth 10
Birth Origin 16
Breeder number 11
Capture 10
Census 14, 26
Centuries 10
Changing Studbooks 4
CHKDSK 1, 2
Class 35
Clean data 37
Cleaning Up Files 34
Color 34
Comment 35
Common name 4, 35
Config.sys 1, 2, 49
Cooperative Management Plan 16
Cosmic rays 34
Creating a Studbook 3
Data Conversion 37
Data editor i
Data Entry 7
Data Entry Screen 8
Data from ISIS 4
Date 9, 16
Date Formats 10
Death 10
Death number 11
Delete sequence 11
Descendant Lists 15
Descendent Lists 30
Dirty data 37
Disclaimer iv
Disk damage 34
DOS iv, 1, 3, 13, 17, 34, 37
Editing 10
Entering Data 7
Error 49
Escape 13
Estimated date 9
Event records 8, 10
Event Type 16
Export i,2, 13, 14, 43, 45, 46
F1 key 10
F10 key 10
F9 key 11
Family 35
FASTINB 14
Fecundity i, 2, 14, 16, 22, 23
Fecundity and Mortality 22
Footnotes 2, 4, 33, 35
Founder 16
GENES 14, 43
Geographic Area 16
Getting Started 3
Glossary 3, 47, 48
Hardware/Software iv
Help i, 3, 8, 10, 15, 33, 37
Historical data 5
House cleaning 34
House name 11
Houston 3, 24, 37, 49
Hybrid 12
Inbreeding 14
Inbreeding Coefficients 25
Installation 1, 2
Institution List 2, 3, 16, 33, 40, 41
Institutional Directory 33
Introduction i,2
ISIS i, ii, iv, 1-5, 8, 12, 13, 15, 33, 41, 49, 50
LoadEdit i, 3, 16, 24, 37, 49
Logical consistency check 11
Management plan 10
Master Plan 31
Master record 8, 10
Missing data 9, 23, 24
Mortality 2, 14, 16, 22
Mx 11, 14, 23, 24, 47
New indexes 34
Notch mark 11
Numbering 7
Old studbook number 11
Omaha 3, 24, 37, 49
Order 35
OwnCode 11
PANIC 49
Password 7, 34
Path 1
Pedigree 14
Pedigree Chart 27
Permanent studbook number 8
Permits 11
Power failures 34
PRINT 1, 8, 13, 14, 17, 43
Printer codes 34
PTR 50

Index 51

Questionnaire 13, 20
Qx 11, 14, 24
Re-booting 34
Re-Numbering 7, 8, 34
Rearing 16
Regional 10
Relationships 14
Release 10
Reports 13
Reproductive History 15, 29
Restore 1-3, 33, 34
Retrieval Criteria 15
Scientific 4
Sibling Tables 14, 28
Sinstall 1, 2
Sort Order 17
Special Data 8, 11
Species 35
Specimen 18
Specimen Report 13
Standardization 37
Stop printing 13
Studbook 19
Studbook Numbering 7
Studbook Report 13
Sub-directory 4, 39
Survivability 14
System Configuration 10, 33, 49
System Utilities 2, 3, 7, 8, 33
Tag/band/ring 11
Tattoo 11
Technical Reference 39
Temporary number 5, 8
Transfers 10
Transponder number 11
Trouble 49
UDF 2, 4, 8, 12, 13, 16, 33, 40
User Defined Fields 2, 8, 12, 16
User Registration iv
User Selected Flag 16
Version 3
View i, iv, 11, 13-16, 23, 24
What is a Studbook? 4

Index 52

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